Lire Edgar Morin. Les forums autour de ce blog font apparaître une extraordinaire confusion sur les questions d’un extrême complexité : judaïsme, antisémitisme, sionisme, etc. Le schématisme me semble incompatible avec une bonne analyse des phénomènes. Pour comprendre, il faut aussi connaître ; cela n’empêchera pas les uns ou les autres d’adopter telle ou telle position, mais cela rendra peut-être plus nuancé. Le livre qu’Edgar Morin vient de publier aux éditions du Seuil, Le monde moderne et la question juive, que j’ai pour l’instant simplement parcouru, me semble offrir un point de vue stimulant. Rappelons qu’Edgar Morin, lui-même juif, ancien Résistant, opposé à la guerre d’Algérie, a été l’objet d’une infâme campagne et de procès pour « apologie du terrorisme et antisémitisme » puis pour « diffamation raciale ». Il a finalement été acquitté.
Le roi de Jordanie sur le chemin du chah d’Iran. Un article de Borzou Daragahi du Los Angeles Times du 1er octobre, « Jordan’s King Risks Shah’s Fate, Critics Warn » (le roi de Jordanie risque de subir le sort du chah d’Iran mettent en garde les critiques). Les critiques du jeune roi de 44 ans, qui n’a ni l’expérience ni l’autorité de son père, touchent tous les milieux, explique le journaliste. « Les représentants des tribus qui sont la base de la monarchie critiquent le roi pour ne pas se soumettre aux coutumes tribales et pour perdre le contact avec ses supporteurs. Ils murmurent en faveur du jeune frère d’Abdallah, plus populaire. Les groupes palestiniens et militants ont peur que le gouvernement d’Amman s’est trop rapproché de Washington, a adopté la vision de l’administration Bush "vous êtes avec nous ou contre nous" et ne défend plus assez les droits humains et la démocratie. »
Vers une solution globale du confit israélo-arabe
L’International Crisis Group, une organisation qui travaille sur les conflits, lance aujourd’hui 4 octobre une initiative en faveur d’une solution globale du conflit israélo-palestinien. Ce texte est signé par 135 personnalités politiques du monde entier. Un rapport détaillé intitulé The Arab-Israeli Conflict : To reach a lasting peace (Conflit israélo-arabe : atteindre une paix durable), sera publié demain 5 octobre.
Le texte original est en anglais (on le trouvera plus bas), avec la liste des signatures. J’ai traduit le texte en français.
« Vers une solution globale du conflit israélo-arabe »
Avec le Proche-Orient plongé dans sa plus grave crise depuis des ans, nous appelons à une action internationale en faveur d’une paix globale du conflit israélo-arabe.
Tout le monde a perdu dans ce conflit, sauf les extrémistes qui prospèrent partout dans le monde sur la rage que ce conflit continue de susciter. Chaque jour qui passe mine les perspectives d’une solution pacifique et durable. Aussi longtemps que le conflit perdure, il génèrera instabilité et violence dans la région et au-delà.
Les grandes lignes de ce qui est nécessaire est bien connu, fondé sur les résolutions 242 (1967) et 338 (1973) du Conseil de sécurité, les accords de Camp David de 1978, les paramètres de Clinton de 2000, l’initiative de la Ligue arabe de 2002 et la Feuille de route de 2003 proposée par le Quartet (Nations unies, Etats-Unis, Union européenne et Russie). (On trouvera ces documents sur le site du Monde diplomatique, dans un cahier spécial) Le but doit être la sécurité et la pleine reconnaissance de l’Etat d’Israël dans des frontières internationalement reconnues, la fin de l’occupation pour le peuple palestinien dans un Etat indépendant viable et souverain, et le retour des territoires syriens occupés à la Syrie.
Nous croyons que le temps est venu d’une nouvelle conférence internationale, qui se tiendrait le plus tôt possible, à laquelle participeraient toutes les parties concernées, qui définirait tous les éléments d’un accord de paix globale et engagerait une dynamique pour des négociations approfondies.
Qu’une telle conférence puisse ou non être convoquée rapidement, il y a des étapes décisives qui devraient être franchies par les principaux intéressés, et notamment :
• un appui à un gouvernement palestinien d’union nationale, avec la fin du boycott politique et financier de l’Autorité palestinienne ;
• des discussions bilatérales entre Israël et la direction palestinienne, avec la médiation du Quartet et renforcées par la participation de la Ligue arabe et de pays régionaux clefs, pour assurer rapidement une sécurité mutuelle et permettre la renaissance de l’écoomie palestinienne ;
• des discussions entre la direction palestinienne et le gouvernement israélien, sous l’égide du Quartet, sur les questions politiques centrales qui font obstacle à un accord sur un statut final ;
• Des négociations parallèle avec un Quartet renforcé entre Israël, la Syrie et le Liban pour discuter des fondements sur lesquels une paix israélo-syrienne et israélo-libanaise pourrait être atteintes.
« Towards a Comprehensive Settlement of the Arab-Israeli Conflict »
With the Middle East immersed in its worst crisis for years, we call for urgent international action towards a comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Everyone has lost in this conflict except the extremists throughout the world who prosper on the rage that it continues to provoke. Every passing day undermines prospects for a peaceful, enduring solution. As long as the conflict lasts, it will generate instability and violence in the region and beyond.
The outlines of what is needed are well known, based on UN Security Council resolutions 242 of 1967 and 338 of 1973, the Camp David peace accords of 1978, the Clinton Parameters of 2000, the Arab League Initiative of 2002, and the Roadmap proposed in 2003 by the Quartet (UN, US, EU and Russia). The goal must be security and full recognition to the state of Israel within internationally recognized borders, an end to the occupation for the Palestinian people in a viable independent, sovereign state, and the return of lost land to Syria.
We believe the time has come for a new international conference, ideally held as soon as possible and attended by all relevant players, at which all the elements of a comprehensive peace agreement would be mapped, and momentum generated for detailed negotiations.
Whether or not such an early conference can be convened, there are crucial steps that can and should be taken by the key players, including : Support for a Palestinian national unity government, with an end to the political and financial boycott of the Palestinian Authority.
Talks between Israel and the Palestinian leadership, mediated by the Quartet and reinforced by the participation of the Arab League and key regional countries, on rapidly enhancing mutual security and allowing revival of the Palestinian economy.
Talks between the Palestinian leadership and the Israeli government, sponsored by a reinforced Quartet, on the core political issues that stand in the way of achieving a final status agreement. Parallel talks of the reinforced Quartet with Israel, Syria and Lebanon, to discuss the foundations on which Israeli-Syrian and Israeli-Lebanese agreements can be reached.
Nobody underestimates the intractability of the underlying issues or the intensity of feelings they provoke. But if the Arab-Israeli conflict, with all its terrible consequences, is ever to be resolved, there is a desperate need for fresh thinking and the injection of new political will. The times demand no less.
- Morton Abramowitz
- Former US Assistant Secretary of State and Ambassador to Turkey and Thailand
- Adnan Abu-Odeh
- Former Political Adviser to King Abdullah II and King Hussein, Jordan
- Esko Aho
- Former Prime Minister, Finland
- Ali Alatas
- Former Foreign Minister, Indonesia
- Abdul-Kareem Al-Eryani
- Former Prime Minister, Yemen
- Raúl Alfonsín
- Former President, Argentina
- Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon
- Former UN High Representative for Bosnia & Herzegovina
- Lloyd Axworthy
- Former Foreign Minister, Canada
- Peter Barry
- Former Foreign Minister, Ireland
- Shlomo Ben-Ami
- Former Foreign Minister, Israel
- Alexander Bessmertnykh
- Former Foreign Minister, Soviet Union
- Carl Bildt
- Former Prime Minister, Sweden
- Valdis Birkavs
- Former Prime Minister, Latvia
- James Bolger
- Former Prime Minister, New Zealand
- Kjell Magne Bondevik
- Former Prime Minister, Norway
- Boutros Boutros-Ghali
- Former Secretary-General, UN
- Lakhdar Brahimi
- Former Foreign Minister, Algeria, and UN Special Representative
- Gro Harlem Brundtland
- Former Prime Minister, Norway
- Zbigniew Brzezinski
- Former National Security Advisor to the President, United States
- Kim Campbell
- Former Prime Minister, Canada ; Secretary General, Club of Madrid
- Ingvar Carlsson
- Former Prime Minister, Sweden
- Frank Carlucci
- Former Secretary of Defense, United States
- Jimmy Carter
- 39th President, United States ; Nobel Peace Prize 2002
- Maria Livanos Cattaui
- Former Secretary-General, International Chamber of Commerce
- Naresh Chandra
- Former Indian Cabinet Secretary and Ambassador to US
- Claude Cheysson
- Former Foreign Minister, France
- Jean Chrétien
- Former Prime Minister, Canada
- Wesley Clark
- Former NATO Supreme Allied Commander, Europe
- Gerard Collins
- Former Foreign Minister, Ireland
- Pat Cox
- Former President, European Parliament
- Jacques Delors
- Former President, European Commission
- Gianni De Michelis
- Former Foreign Minister, Italy
- Ruth Dreifuss
- Former President, Switzerland
- Roland Dumas
- Former Foreign Minister, France
- Shirin Ebadi
- Nobel Peace Prize 2003 ; Iran
- Uffe Ellemann-Jensen
- Former Foreign Minister, Denmark
- Gareth Evans
- President, International Crisis Group ; Former Foreign Minister, Australia
- Mark Eyskens
- Former Prime Minister, Belgium
- José María Figueres
- Former President, Costa Rica
- Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
- Former President, Iceland
- Joschka Fischer
- Former Foreign Minister, Germany
- Malcolm Fraser
- Former Prime Minister, Australia
- Anil K Gayan
- Former Foreign Minister, Mauritius
- Leslie H Gelb
- President Emeritus, Council on Foreign Relations, US
- Bronisław Geremek
- Former Foreign Minister, Poland
- Kiro Gligorov
- Former President, Macedonia
- Richard Goldstone
- Former Prosecutor, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
- Felipe González Márquez
- Former Prime Minister, Spain
- Mikhail S Gorbachev
- Former President, Soviet Union ; Nobel Peace Prize 1990
- I K Gujral
- Former Prime Minister, India
- Tenzin Gyatso
- 14th Dalai Lama ; Nobel Peace Prize 1989
- Vahit M Halefoğlu
- Former Foreign Minister, Turkey
- Lee Hamilton
- Former Congressman, United States ; Director, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
- Bob Hawke
- Former Prime Minister, Australia
- Bill Hayden
- Former Governor-General and Foreign Minister, Australia
- Carla Hills
- Former Trade Representative, United States
- Lena Hjelm-Wallén
- Former Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, Sweden
- Raffi K Hovannisian
- Former Foreign Minister, Armenia
- Lord Howe of Aberavon
- Former Foreign Secretary and Deputy Prime Minister, UK
- John Hume
- Nobel Peace Prize 1998 ; Northern Ireland
- Lord Hurd of Westwell
- Former Foreign Secretary, UK
- George Iacovou
- Former Foreign Minister, Cyprus
- Anwar Ibrahim
- Former Deputy Prime Minister, Malaysia
- James Ingram
- Former Executive Director, UN World Food Programme
- Asma Jahangir
- Chair, Pakistan Human Rights Commission ; UN Special Rapporteur
- Max Jakobson
- Former Ambassador of Finland to the UN
- Lionel Jospin
- Former Prime Minister, France
- Marwan S Kasim
- Former Foreign Minister, Jordan
- Kim Dae-jung
- Former President, Republic of Korea ; Nobel Peace Prize 2000
- F W de Klerk
- Former President, South Africa ; Nobel Peace Prize 1993
- Wim Kok
- Former Prime Minister, Netherlands
- Bernard Kouchner
- Founder, Médecins Sans Frontières ; Former Minister, France, and UN Special Representative
- Milan Kučan
- Former President, Slovenia
- Aleksander Kwaśniewski
- Former President, Poland
- Ricardo Lagos
- Former President, Chile
- Zlatko Lagumdžija
- Former Prime Minister, Bosnia & Herzegovina
- Anthony Lake
- Former National Security Advisor to the President, United States
- Lee Hong-Koo
- Former Prime Minister, Republic of Korea
- Ahmed Maher
- Former Foreign Minister, Egypt
- Abdul Salam Majali
- Former Prime Minister, Jordan
- John Major
- Former Prime Minister, UK
- Barbara McDougall
- Former External Affairs Secretary, Canada
- Matthew F McHugh
- Former US Congressman and World Bank Counselor
- Robert McNamara
- Former Secretary of Defense, United States
- Rexhep Meidani
- Former President, Albania
- Najib Mikati
- Former Prime Minister, Lebanon
- Mike Moore
- Former Prime Minister, New Zealand ; Former Director-General, WTO
- Marwan Muasher
- Former Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, Jordan
- Klaus Naumann
- Former Chairman, North Atlantic Military Committee of NATO, Germany
- Boyko Noev
- Former Minister of Defence, Bulgaria
- Ayo Obe
- Chair, World Movement for Democracy, Nigeria
- Sadako Ogata
- Former UN High Commissioner for Refugees
- Lord Owen of the City of Plymouth
- Former Foreign Secretary, UK
- Anand Panyarachun
- Former Prime Minister, Thailand
- Andrés Pastrana
- Former President, Colombia
- Lord Patten of Barnes
- Co-Chair, International Crisis Group ; Former European Commissioner for External Relations
- Thomas Pickering
- Co-Chair, International Crisis Group ; Former US Ambassador to the UN, Russia, India, Israel, Jordan, El Salvador and Nigeria
- Josep Piqué
- Former Foreign Minister, Spain
- Surin Pitsuwan
- Former Foreign Minister, Thailand
- Yevgeny Primakov
- Former Prime Minister, Russia
- Jorge Quiroga
- Former President, Bolivia
- Augusto Ramírez Ocampo
- Former Foreign Minister, Colombia
- Fidel V Ramos
- Former President, Philippines
- Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
- Former Prime Minister, Denmark
- Abdur-ra’uf Rawabdeh
- Former Prime Minister, Jordan
- Malcolm Rifkind
- Former Foreign Secretary, UK
- Lord Robertson of Port Ellen
- Former Defence Secretary, UK, and NATO Secretary-General
- Mary Robinson
- Former President, Ireland ; High Commissioner for Human Rights
- Michel Rocard
- Former Prime Minister, France
- Petre Roman
- Former Prime Minister, Romania
- Adam Daniel Rotfeld
- Former Foreign Minister, Poland
- Nafis Sadik
- Former Executive Director, UN Population Fund
- Mohamed Sahnoun
- Former Algerian Ambassador ; UN Special Adviser
- Ghassan Salamé
- Former Culture Minister, Lebanon
- Salim Ahmed Salim
- Former Secretary General, OAU, and Prime Minister, Tanzania
- Jorge Sampaio
- Former President, Portugal
- Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
- Former President, Bolivia
- Mario Soares
- Former President, Portugal
- Stephen Solarz
- Former Chair, Africa & Asia Subcommittees, US Congress
- Cornelio Sommaruga
- Former President, International Committee of the Red Cross
- George Soros
- Chairman, Open Society Institute
- Pär Stenbäck
- Former Foreign Minister, Finland
- Thorvald Stoltenberg
- Former Foreign Minister, Norway
- HRH El Hassan bin Talal
- Founder, Arab Thought Forum, Jordan
- Leo Tindemans
- Former Prime Minister, Belgium
- Alex S Trigona
- Former Foreign Minister, Malta
- Desmond Tutu
- Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town ; Nobel Peace Prize 1984
- Cassam Uteem
- Former President, Mauritius
- Hans van den Broek
- Former Foreign Minister, Netherlands, and European Commissioner for External Relations
- Ed van Thijn
- Former Minister and Mayor of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- George Vassiliou
- Former President, Cyprus
- Hubert Védrine
- Former Foreign Minister, France
- Richard von Weizsäcker
- Former President, Germany
- Baroness Williams of Crosby
- Former Cabinet Minister, UK
- Ernesto Zedillo
- Former President, Mexico
Organized by Crisis Group with assistance from the Club of Madrid and placed with support from the Radcliffe Foundation, Iara Lee & George Gund Foundation and Hamza Al Kholi.
www.crisisgroup.org
4 October 2006